A liquid formulation of sodium oxybate (Alcover®), the sodium salt of γ-hydroxybutyric acid
(GHB), is approved in Italy and Austria for use in alcohol withdrawal syndrome and for the …

More than 60 years ago, disulfiram (DSF) was employed for the management of alcohol
addiction. This promising cancer therapeutic agent inhibits proliferation, migration, and …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate immune response, and
emerging evidence indicates their role in brain injury and neurodegeneration. Our recent …

Programmed cell death (PCD) is at the center of immune responses, with different types of
PCD occurring based on bodily conditions at a given moment. The main three types of PCD …

Background Separately, chronic alcohol ingestion and HIV-1 infection are associated with
severe skeletal muscle derangements, including atrophy and wasting, weakness, and …

Objectives: Our aim is to describe changes in serum concentration for the pro-inflammatory
factors TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and MCP-1, for the satiety factor leptin and …

Engagement of programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor by its ligands (PD-L1/PD-L2) in
activated immune cells is known to be involved in inflammatory neurological disease via a …

Substantial evidence supports the view that inflammatory processes contribute to brain
alterations in HIV infection. Mechanisms recently proposed to underlie neuropathology in …

The relationships among inflammation, oxidative balance, and the severity of alcoholic fatty
liver disease (AFLD) remain unknown. The aim of this study is to explore the relationships …

Rationale During the development of addiction, addictive drugs induce transient and long-
lasting changes in the brain including expression of endogenous molecules and alteration …