Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in
space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate …

The study of the intestinal microbiota has begun to shift from cataloging individual members
of the commensal community to understanding their contributions to the physiology of the …

The intestinal epithelium forms an essential barrier between a host and its microbiota.
Protozoa and helminths are members of the gut microbiota of mammals, including humans …

Helminth endemic regions report lower COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Here, we show
that lung remodeling from a prior infection with a lung-migrating helminth, Nippostrongylus …

Obesity is an increasingly prevalent disease worldwide. While genetic and environmental
factors are known to regulate the development of obesity and associated metabolic …

The bacterial component of the human gut microbiota undergoes a definable program of
postnatal development. Evidence is accumulating that this program is disrupted in children …

Mammals are defined by their metagenome, a combination of host and microbiome genes.
This knowledge presents opportunities to further basic biology with translation to human …

BACKGROUND Viruses that infect the mammalian gastrointestinal tract have intimate
relationships with the host, as well as members of the complex community of microbes that …

The importance of the microbiome to human health is increasingly recognized and has
become a major focus of recent research. However, much of the work has focused on a few …

Immune responses differ between laboratory mice and humans. Chronic infection with
viruses and parasites are common in humans, but are absent in laboratory mice, and thus …