In the contexts of aging, injury, or neuroinflammation, activated microglia signaling with TNF-
α, IL-1α, and C1q induces a neurotoxic astrocytic phenotype, classified as A1, A1-like, or …

The idea of central nervous system as one-man band favoring neurons is long gone. Now
we all are aware that neurons and neuroglia are team players and constant communication …

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate
transmission efficiency depends on the correct functionality and expression of a plethora of …

Astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis
and function. In response to CNS injuries and diseases, reactive astrocytes are triggered. By …

Traumatic brain injury leads to cellular damage which in turn results in the rapid release of
damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that prompt resident cells to release …

Background Activated astrocytes play important roles in chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP).
Recent studies have shown reactive astrocytes are classified into A1 and A2 phenotypes …

Abstract Prokineticin-2 (Prok2) is an important secreted protein likely involved in the
pathogenesis of several acute and chronic neurological diseases through currently …

Microglia are highly plastic immune cells which exist in a continuum of activation states. By
shaping the function of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), the brain cells which …

Intracranial aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a cerebrovascular disorder
associated with high overall mortality. Currently, the underlying mechanisms of pathological …

Astrocytes play multifaceted and vital roles in maintaining neurophysiological function of the
central nervous system by regulating homeostasis, increasing synaptic plasticity, and …