As the preferred medium for tunnel energy storage system (TESS), lithium-ion batteries
(LIBs) are widely used in tunnel lighting, ventilation, fire protection, monitoring, and …

The fire event in a tunnel creates a rapid spread of heat and smoke flows in a long and
confined space, which not only endangers human life but also challenges the fire …

This study analyzes the physics characteristics of the flame plume temperature, induced by a
ceiling jet and their coupling with an extraction flow. As it is knows, the maximum increase in …

Railroad transportation has been widely adopted and developed in recent years. In
particular, many railroads have been built on complex terrains such as plateaus and …

To advance understanding of the ceiling temperature characters in tunnel fires, a physical
model-free ant colony optimization network algorithm is developed. Compared to the …

The ceiling gas temperature is an important evaluation indicator for determining tunnel fire
hazards. The maximum and longitudinal distributions of the ceiling gas temperature are …

This paper studies the maximum gas temperature rises beneath the ceiling in tunnel fires.
The fire scenarios with higher longitudinal ventilation velocities are of key concern. This …

Thermal runaway (TR) is an essential issue puzzling the application of lithium-ion batteries,
while there is a knowledge gap about TR characteristics of batteries under varied wind …

A series of scaled fire tests were conducted in a model bifurcated tunnel to investigate the
influence of ramp slope on fire behaviors of ethanol pool fire under natural ventilation. Four …

Reduced scale experiments in a branched tunnel were carried out to study the variation of
the maximum gas excess temperature beneath the ceiling and temperature profile under …