A central question in multilingualism research is how multiple languages interact. Most
studies have focused on first (L1) and second language (L2) effects on a third language …

Since the COVID-19 pandemic started, conducting experiments online is increasingly
common, and face masks are often used in everyday life. It remains unclear whether …

Some listeners exhibit higher sensitivity to subphonemic acoustic differences (ie, higher
speech gradiency). Here, we asked whether higher gradiency in a listener's first language …

In heritage language (HL) research, prosodic aspects of heritage speakers (HSs) speech
have only recently started to receive attention and the results have been mixed. While some …

Heritage languages are defined as a product of language contact. In this scenario, patterns
of variability are often attributed to contact with the majority language. However, variability …

Speech perception gradiency, the extent to which listeners detect and maintain
subphonemic information, enhances speech perception flexibility (Kapnoula et al., 2021) …

Speech perception gradiency allows listeners to detect and maintain subphonemic
information, thereby enhancing speech perception flexibility. However, its nature is not fully …