Online toxic discourses could result in conflicts between groups or harm to online
communities. Hate speech is complex and multifaceted harmful or offensive content …

Social Media has become a vital component of every individual's life in society opening a
preferred spectrum of virtual communication which provides an individual with a freedom to …

OpenAI has released the Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) and
revolutionized the approach in artificial intelligence to human-model interaction. The first …

Responsible innovation on large-scale Language Models (LMs) requires foresight into and
in-depth understanding of the risks these models may pose. This paper develops a …

Abstract Most current Artificial Intelligence applications are based on supervised Machine
Learning (ML), which ultimately grounds on data annotated by small teams of experts or …

Machine learning models are commonly used to detect toxicity in online conversations.
These models are trained on datasets annotated by human raters. We explore how raters' …

Abstract Machine learning approaches often require training and evaluation datasets with a
clear separation between positive and negative examples. This requirement overly …

Annotators' disagreement in linguistic data has been recently the focus of multiple initiatives
aimed at raising awareness on issues related to 'majority voting'when aggregating diverging …

Some tasks in content processing, eg, natural language processing (NLP), like hate or
offensive speech and emotional or funny text detection, are subjective by nature. Each …

YouTube is a video-sharing and social media platform where users create profiles and
share videos for their followers to view, like, and comment on. Abusive comments on videos …