As a chronic metabolic disease, diabetes mellitus (DM) is broadly characterized by elevated
levels of blood glucose. Novel epidemiological studies demonstrate that some diabetic …

While the insulin receptor (IR) was found in the CNS decades ago, the brain was long
considered to be an insulin‐insensitive organ. This view is currently revisited, given …

Blood-brain barrier disruption occurs in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Recent
studies indicate a link between blood-brain barrier dysfunction and cognitive decline and …

In numerous brain structures, insulin signaling modulates the homeostatic processes,
sensitivity to reward pathways, executive function, memory, and cognition. Through human …

The choroid plexus (ChP) is a highly vascularized tissue found in the brain ventricles, with
an apical epithelial cell layer surrounding fenestrated capillaries. It is responsible for the …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global concern and has become a major public health event
affecting human health. Insulin is a metabolic hormone secreted mainly by the peripheral …

The term type III diabetes (T3DM) has been proposed for Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to
the shared molecular and cellular features between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and insulin …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia.
Metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may stimulate …

Over the past decades, the human life span has dramatically increased, and therefore, a
steady increase in diseases associated with age (such as Alzheimer's disease and …

Abstract Introduction In Alzheimer's disease clinical research, glial fibrillary acidic protein
(GFAP) released/leaked into the cerebrospinal fluid and blood is widely measured and …