Most current immunization procedures make use of needles and syringes for vaccine
administration. With the increase in the number of immunizations that children around the …

Exosomes are representative extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from multivesicular
endosomes (MVE) and have been described as new particles in the communication of …

The efficacious delivery of antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), in particular, to
dendritic cells (DCs), and their subsequent activation remains a significant challenge in the …

Dendritic cells (DC) are a heterogeneous family of professional antigen-presenting cells
classically recognized as most potent inducers of adaptive immune responses. In this …

Transcutaneous immunization, a topical vaccine application, combines the advantages of
needle-free delivery while targeting the immunologically rich milieu of the skin. In animal …

BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy is an effective treatment of
IgE-mediated allergies, but it requires repeated allergen injections with a risk of systemic …

Most vaccines are administered by intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) routes,
however, intradermal (ID) and transcutaneous (TC) techniques are regaining popularity. We …

Dendritic cells (DC) efficiently cross-present exogenous antigen on MHC class I molecules
to CD8+ T cells. However, little is known about cross-presentation by Langerhans cells (LC) …

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI), the application of vaccines on the skin, induces robust
systemic and mucosal antibodies in animal models and in humans. The means by which …

We describe protein-and oligonucleotide-loaded layer-by-layer (LbL)-assembled multilayer
films incorporating a hydrolytically degradable polymer for transcutaneous drug or vaccine …