Introduction The emergence of the H3N2 influenza virus in 1968 marked a significant event
as it crossed the species barrier. This shift led to a pandemic, resulting in the deaths of one …

The capacity of influenza A viruses (IAVs) to host jump from animal reservoir species to
humans presents an ongoing pandemic threat. Birds and swine are considered major …

Although the natural hosts of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are wild birds, multiple subtypes
of AIVs have established epidemics in numerous mammals due to their cross-species …

The continual emergence of novel influenza A strains from non-human hosts requires
constant vigilance and the need for ongoing research to identify strains that may pose a …

Canine influenza virus (CIV) A (H3N2) was identified in 104 dogs in Ontario, Canada, during
December 28, 2017–October 30, 2018, in distinct epidemiologic clusters. High morbidity …

H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) originated from avian species and emerged in dogs in
Asia around 2005 where it became enzootic before reaching the USA in 2015. To …

Developing novel antiviral drugs has always been a significant forefront in biological
medicine research. Antiviral drugs can be extracted, purified, and synthesized from various …

The antigenic variability of Influenza D virus (IDV), a recently identified pathogen with
significant implications for livestock and zoonotic diseases, presents unique challenges in …

In 2016, a distinct branch of H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) emerged, which has
mutations related to mammalian adaptation and has replaced previously prevalent strains …

Background The canine influenza virus (CIV) outbreak has garnered considerable attention
as it poses a significant threat to dog health. During the H3N2 CIV evolution in beagles, the …