Cells are crowded, but proteins are almost always studied in dilute aqueous buffer. We
review the experimental evidence that crowding affects the equilibrium thermodynamics of …

Expected and observed effects of volume exclusion on the free energy of rigid and flexible
macromolecules in crowded and confined systems, and consequent effects of crowding and …

A longstanding question in molecular biology is the extent to which the behavior of
macromolecules observed in vitro accurately reflects their behavior in vivo. A number of …

Hydrogen exchange coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) has become a valuable analytical
tool for the study of protein dynamics. By combining information about protein dynamics with …

An understanding of cellular chemistry requires knowledge of how crowded environments
affect proteins. The influence of crowding on protein stability arises from two phenomena …

An important consideration for the development of biosensors is the adsorption of the
biorecognition element to the surface of a substrate. As the first step in the immobilization …

What are the physical limits to cell behavior? Often, the physical limitations can be
dominated by the proteome, the cell's complement of proteins. We combine known protein …

Although protein folding and stability have been well explored under simplified conditions in
vitro, it is yet unclear how these basic self-organization events are modulated by the …

Nonspecific interactions between individual macro-molecules and their immediate
surroundings (background interactions') within a medium as heterogeneous and highly …

The intracellular milieu is complex, heterogeneous and crowded—an environment vastly
different from dilute solutions in which most biophysical studies are performed. The crowded …