Since Hedin's characterization of trypsin and antitrypsin in 1906,(1) arguably the first
account of a regulatory protein–protein interaction (PPI), contemporary understanding of …

This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins
directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide …

Surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria are linked to the bacterial cell wall by a
mechanism that involves cleavage of a conserved Leu-Pro-X-Thr-Gly (LPXTG) motif and that …

In multicellular organisms from Caenorhabditis elegans to Homo sapiens, the maintenance
of homeostasis is dependent on the continual flow and processing of information through a …

The crystal structure of a soluble, catalytically active form of adenylyl cyclase in a complex
with its stimulatory heterotrimeric G protein α subunit (Gs α) and forskolin was determined to …

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) generate the second messenger cAMP from ATP. Mammalian cells
express nine transmembrane AC (mAC) isoforms (AC1–9) and a soluble AC (sAC, also …

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) convey signals across membranes via interaction with
G proteins. Originally, an individual GPCR was thought to signal through one G protein …

Cyclic AMP is a universal second messenger, produced by a family of adenylyl cyclase (AC)
enzymes. The last three decades have brought a wealth of new information about the …

Mechanistic descriptions of cAMP production have evolved significantly since the 1960s
when Sutherland and Rall hypothesized the existence of a single polypeptide that would …

The second messenger cAMP has been extensively studied for half a century, but the
plethora of regulatory mechanisms controlling cAMP synthesis in mammalian cells is just …