This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Sleep researchers in different disciplines disagree about how fully dreaming can be
explained in terms of brain physiology. Debate has focused on whether REM sleep …

Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) has been linked with spatial and emotional memory
consolidation. However, establishing direct causality between neural activity during REMS …

Ventral midbrain dopamine (DA) is unambiguously involved in motivation and behavioral
arousal, yet the contributions of other DA populations to these processes are poorly …

Abstract RAPID-EYE-MOVEMENT (REM) sleep is associated with intense neuronal activity,
ocular saccades, muscular atonia and dreaming1, 2. The function of REM sleep remains …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to
fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Recent advances in …

The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and
GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the brain and, through local …

The central noradrenergic neurone, like the peripheral sympathetic neurone, is
characterized by a diffusely arborizing terminal axonal network. The central neurones …

Akinesia and gait disturbances are particularly incapacitating for patients with Parkinson's
disease. The anatomical and physiological substrates for these disturbances are poorly …

We present a new model for the generation of theta rhythm of the hippocampus. We propose
that theta at CA1 involves extracellular current fluxes produced by alternating depolarizing …