Leishmaniasis is a parasitic, widespread, and neglected disease that affects more than 90
countries in the world. More than 20 Leishmania species cause different forms of …

Cytokines are pleiotropic polypeptides that control the development of and responses
mediated by immune cells. Cytokine classification predominantly relies on [1] the target …

A key point of immunity against protozoan Leishmania parasites is the development of an
optimal T cell response, which includes a low apoptotic rate, high proliferative activity and …

As effector innate immune cells and as a host to the protozoan parasite Leishmania,
macrophages play a dual role in antileishmanial immunoregulation. The 2 key players in this …

Abstract Interleukin-27 (IL-27), a member of the IL-6/IL-12 family, has diverse regulatory
functions in various immune responses, and is recognised as a potent agonist and …

Introduction We assessed the potential relationship between COVID-19 and laboratory-
confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)-registered cases with a history of scarring …

Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, still remains a global concern for the
healthcare sector. The primary causative agents of the disease comprise diverse …

The expression of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligands-PD-L1 and PD-L2-
on T cells and macrophages', respectively, increases in Leishmania infection. The PD-1/PD …

In humans, infection with Leishmania manifests into a spectrum of diseases. The
manifestation of the diseases depend on the resultant evasion of the parasite to immune …

Cytokines are known for their pleiotropic effects. They can be classified by their function as
pro-inflammatory, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL) 1 and IL-12, or anti …