We have greatly advanced our ability to grow a diverse range of tissue-derived and
pluripotent stem cell–derived gastrointestinal (GI) tissues in vitro. These systems, broadly …

Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their receptors serve many functions in both the
developing and adult organism. Humans contain 18 FGF ligands and four FGF receptors …

The generation of insulin-producing β-cells from human pluripotent stem cells is dependent
on efficient endoderm induction and appropriate patterning and specification of this germ …

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling has been implicated during several phases of early
embryogenesis, including the patterning of the embryonic axes, the induction and/or …

The sequential formation of somites along the anterior-posterior axis is under control of
multiple signaling gradients involving the Wnt, FGF, and retinoic acid (RA) pathways. These …

With the high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders, there is great interest in establishing
in vitro models of human intestinal disease and in developing drug-screening platforms that …

The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, as well as
associated organs. To generate a functional intestine, a series of highly orchestrated …

The Wnt pathway is a major embryonic signaling pathway that controls cell proliferation, cell
fate, and body-axis determination in vertebrate embryos. Soon after egg fertilization, Wnt …

Recent studies using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have developed protocols to
induce kidney-lineage cells and reconstruct kidney organoids. However, the separate …

Background In preimplantation mammalian development the transcription factor Sox2 (SRY-
related HMG-box gene 2) forms a complex with Oct4 and functions in maintenance of self …