Genetic alterations affecting transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) signaling are
exceptionally common in diseases and cancers of the gastrointestinal system. As a regulator …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosed malignancy among both
sexes in the United States as well as in the European Union. While the incidence and …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β cytokines signal via a complex network of pathways to
regulate proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and other functions in many cell …

Abstract In 2006, more than 55 000 patients died of colorectal cancer in the US, accounting
for∼ 10% of all cancer deaths. Despite significant progress in screening combined with the …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every
tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular …

The transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) superfamily comprises nearly 30 growth and
differentiation factors that include TGF-βs, activins, inhibins, and bone morphogenetic …

The mouse provides an excellent in vivo system with which to model human diseases and to
test therapies. Mutations in the Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene are required to …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members exert their function via specific type I
and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular Smad transcription factors …

Experimental models of neuroendocrine tumour disease are scarce, and no comprehensive
characterisation of existing gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (GEPNET) cell …

Vascular mimicry is induced by a wide array of genes with functions related to cancer
stemness, hypoxia, angiogenesis and autophagy. Vascular mimicry competent (VM …