The adaptive immune system arose 500 million years ago in ectothermic (cold-blooded)
vertebrates. Classically, the adaptive immune system has been defined by the presence of …

T cells are the main effector cells in immune response against tumors. The activation of T
cells is regulated by the innate immune system through positive and negative costimulatory …

The emergence of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) from jawless vertebrates was
accompanied by major morphological and physiological innovations, such as hinged jaws …

The B7‐CD 28 family of ligands and receptors play important roles in T‐cell co‐stimulation
and co‐inhibition. Phylogenetically they can be divided into three groups. The recent …

Utilization of negative checkpoint regulators (NCR s) for cancer immunotherapy has
garnered significant interest with the completion of clinical trials demonstrating efficacy …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment by producing
remarkable clinical outcomes for patients with various cancer types. However, only a subset …

T-cell costimulation and coinhibition generated by engagement of the B7 family and their
receptor CD28 family are of central importance in regulating the T-cell response, making …

Abstract Purpose: HHLA2 (B7H7/B7-H5/B7y) is a newly identified B7 family member that
regulates human T-cell functions. However, its protein expression in human organs and …

RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are crucial players of innate immune responses and
represent a major source of interleukin-22 (IL-22), which has an important role in mucosal …

Gastric cancer (GC), with a heterogeneous nature, is the third leading cause of death
worldwide. Over the past few decades, stable reductions in the incidence of GC have been …