Carotenoids are among the most prevalent pigments used in animal signals and are also
important for a range of physiological functions. These concomitant roles have made …

Many animals are toxic or unpalatable and signal this to predators with warning signals
(aposematism). Aposematic appearance has long been a classical system to study predator …

Antipredator defenses and warning signals typically evolve in concert. However, the
extensive variation across taxa in both these components of predator deterrence and the …

Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family,
has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical …

Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals
to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency‐dependent learning. However …

Highlights•Tyrosine metabolism is responsible for insect cuticle coloration and
hardening.•Hard and rigid beetle cuticle has a distinctive morphology and …

Conversion of forewings into hardened covers, elytra, was a ground-breaking morphological
adaptation that has contributed to the extraordinary evolutionary success of beetles …

Multimodal defensive displays are commonplace, with prey combining conspicuous
coloration, sounds, odours and other chemical emissions to deter predators. These …

How genetic information is modified to generate phenotypic variation within a species is one
of the central questions in evolutionary biology. Here we focus on the striking intraspecific …

1. Harmonia axyridis was first recorded in Britain in 2004. Two subsequent earlier records
were received from 2003. 2. The UK L adybird Survey, a citizen science initiative involving …