It has been widely shown that many plant-derived compounds present significant anti-
inflammatory effects. For this reason, they represent potential molecules for the development …

Several viruses infect the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), some with devastating
consequences, others resulting in chronic or persistent infections associated with little or no …

Persistent infection is a characteristic feature of babesiosis, a worldwide, emerging tick-
borne disease caused by members of the genus Babesia. Persistence of Babesia infection …

Chronic inflammation is a complex pathophysiological process with accumulation of
mononuclear cells seen in response to invading pathogens, neoplastic transformation, or …

Background & Aims: Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear
receptor whose activation has been linked to several physiologic pathways including those …

Studies in mouse infection models clearly demonstrate tumour necrosis factor (TNF) to be a
critical component of both the antibacterially protective and the inflammatory immune …

Panax ginseng is one of the most commonly used Chinese medicines in China, Asia and
Western countries. The beneficial effects of ginseng have been attributed to the biological …

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide that is produced by lymphoid as well as
neural cells, exerts a wide spectrum of immunological functions, controlling the homeostasis …

Chemokines constitute a large family of secreted proteins that function as chemoattractants
and activators of leukocytes. Astrocytes, the major glial cell type in the central nervous …

Systemic hyporesponsiveness occurs following oral administration of antigen (oral
tolerance) and involves the uptake and processing of antigen by the gut‐associated …