Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine composed of two subunits, IL-23A (p19)
and IL-12/23B (p40), the latter shared with Interleukin-12 (IL-12). IL-23 is mainly produced …

In the past few decades, biological drugs and small molecule inhibitors targeting
inflammatory cytokines, immune cells, and intracellular kinases have become the standard …

Recent studies suggest that BRAF V600-mutated melanomas in particular respond to dual
anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated …

Its semi-allogeneic nature renders the conceptus vulnerable to attack by the maternal
immune system. Several protective mechanisms operate during gestation to correct the …

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory immune-mediated disease
characterized by musculoskeletal inflammation (arthritis, enthesitis, spondylitis, and …

A critical role for IL-17, a cytokine produced by T helper 17 (Th17) cells, has been indicated
in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. A positive effect of …

The emergence of data from clinical trials of biologics, the approval of new biologics, and
our improved understanding of psoriasis pathogenesis have increased the therapeutic …

Autoimmune diseases are a diverse set of conditions defined by organ damage due to
abnormal innate and acquired immune system responses. The pathophysiology of …

Understanding the causality of the post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) disease process of
the knee joint is important for diagnosing early disease and developing new and effective …

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), as one of the common postoperative
complications, mainly occurs after surgery and anesthesia, especially in the elderly. It refers …