The view that substance addiction is a brain disease, although widely accepted in the
neuroscience community, has become subject to acerbic criticism in recent years. These …

Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

Socioeconomic differences in behaviour are pervasive and well documented, but their
causes are not yet well understood. Here, we make the case that a cluster of behaviours is …

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent and exact a large toll on individuals'
health, well‐being, and social functioning. Long‐lasting changes in brain networks involved …

Addiction, the most severe form of substance use disorder, is a chronic brain disorder
molded by strong biosocial factors that has devastating consequences to individuals and to …

The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia, which proposes that the chronic experience
of outsider status or subordinate position leads to increased striatal dopamine activity and …

Opioid use in the United States has steadily risen since the 1990s, along with staggering
increases in addiction and overdose fatalities. With this surge in prescription and illicit opioid …

Background: Stimulant drugs can cause persistent changes in the brain. Imaging studies
show that these changes are most apparent in dopamine transporter (DAT) or receptor …

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging consistently shows blunted striatal dopamine
release and decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability in addiction. Here, we review the …

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia posits that elevated striatal dopamine
functioning underlies the development of psychotic symptoms. Chronic exposure to social …