A new scientific frontier opened in 2009 with the start of operations of the world's first x-ray
free-electron laser (FEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), at SLAC National …

X-ray free-electron lasers (x-ray FELs) give us for the first time the possibility to explore
structures and dynamical processes of atomic and molecular systems at the angstrom …

The European XFEL is a hard X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) based on a high-electron-
energy superconducting linear accelerator. The superconducting technology allows for the …

The controlled coupling of a laser to plasma has the potential to address grand scientific
challenges,,,,–, but many applications have limited flexibility and poor control over the laser …

The development and application of the free-electron X-ray laser (XFEL) to structure and
dynamics in biology since its inception in 2009 are reviewed. The research opportunities …

This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The
aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the …

There is urgent need to develop new acceleration techniques capable of exceeding
gigaelectron-volt-per-metre (GeV m− 1) gradients in order to enable future generations of …

Over the past several years, single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has
emerged as a leading method for elucidating macromolecular structures at near-atomic …

Macromolecular crystallography at synchrotron sources has proven to be the most influential
method within structural biology, producing thousands of structures since its inception. While …

In this paper, we review the status of bright electron sources. High peak current (up to kA)
low emittance (< 1 mm rad) electron beams have been one of the critical components in the …