Ischemic stroke generates an immune response that contributes to neuronal loss as well as
tissue repair. This is a complex process involving a range of cell types and effector …

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common complication in patients with acute ischemic
stroke. It occurs when peripheral blood extravasates across a disrupted blood brain barrier …

Human diseases may be modeled in animals to allow preclinical assessment of putative
new clinical interventions. Recent, highly publicized failures of large clinical trials called into …

Ischemic stroke is a devastating brain injury resulting in high mortality and substantial loss of
function. Understanding the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke risk, mortality, and functional …

Objective Chronic systemic inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of many age‐
related diseases. Although not well understood, alterations in the gut microbiota, or …

Biologic sex influences many variables that are important to brain health in general, and to
stroke or cerebral ischemia in particular, such as general health status, cerebrovascular …

Autoimmune diseases are a range of diseases in which the immune response to self-
antigens results in damage or dysfunction of tissues. Autoimmune diseases can be systemic …

Over the past millennia, life expectancy has drastically increased. While a mere 25 years
during Bronze and Iron ages, life expectancy in many European countries and in Japan is …

Neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are characterized by
progressive neuronal death and neurological dysfunction, leading to increased disability …

Current understanding on the mechanisms of brain injury and neurodegeneration highlights
an appreciation of multicellular interactions within the neurovascular unit (NVU), which …