Highlights•Climate change calls for innovative forms of multi-level governance where local
governments are likely to be key players.•Transnational municipal networks (TMNs) have …

The world's oceans are highly impacted by climate change and other human pressures, with
significant implications for marine ecosystems and the livelihoods that they support …

Human security will be progressively threatened as the climate changes (robust evidence,
high agreement). Human insecurity almost never has single causes, but instead emerges …

Several recent climate impact assessments on polar regions have been undertaken,
including the synthesis report on Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (AMAP …

Climate change poses a significant risk for communities, and local governments around the
world have begun responding by developing climate adaptation policies. Scholarship on …

By using a scale framework, we examine how cross-scale interactions influence the
implementation of climate adaptation and mitigation actions in different urban sectors. Based …

Unprecedented global challenges demand wide-reaching societal modification to ensure
life support functions and human well-being. In the absence of adequate international …

The concept of ecosystem-based adaptation is advocated at international, national, and
regional levels. The concept is thought to foster sustainability transitions and is receiving …

National authorities in many countries aim at having climate change adaptation
mainstreamed into existing policy domains in order to achieve coherence and synergies …

Ecosystem-based adaptation (ie the use of ecosystem services to adapt to climate change)
and its mainstreaming into municipal planning to foster sustainable transformation is …