The medial frontal cortex and adjacent orbitofrontal cortex have been the focus of
investigations of decision-making, behavioral flexibility, and social behavior. We review …

Humans do not integrate new information objectively: outcomes carrying a positive affective
value and evidence confirming one's own prior belief are overweighed. Until recently …

The outcome of a decision is often uncertain, and outcomes can vary over repeated
decisions. Whether decision outcomes should substantially affect behaviour and learning …

Survival under selective pressure is driven by the ability of our brain to use sensory
information to our advantage to control physiological needs. To that end, neural circuits …

Previous research has stressed the importance of uncertainty for controlling the speed of
learning, and how such control depends on the learner inferring the noise properties of the …

A host of learning, memory, and decision-making processes form the individual's response
to threat and may be disrupted in anxiety and post-trauma psychopathology. Here we review …

When learning the value of actions in volatile environments, humans often make seemingly
irrational decisions that fail to maximize expected value. We reasoned that these 'non …

Reinforcement learning allows organisms to predict future outcomes and to update their
beliefs about value in the world. The dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) integrates …

The brain mechanism for controlling continuous behavior in dynamic contexts must mediate
action selection and learning across many timescales, responding differentially to the level …

The real world is uncertain, and while ever changing, it constantly presents itself in terms of
new sets of behavioral options. To attain the flexibility required to tackle these challenges …