Infectious hepatitis type A and type E are caused by phylogenetically distinct single-
stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that were once considered to be non-enveloped …

The Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery consists of
multiple protein complexes that coordinate vesicle budding away from the host cytosol …

Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles produced by all cells, and they are present
in various body fluids. Exosomes play crucial roles in tumor initiation/progression, immune …

Recent advances in studies exploring the roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in viral
transmission and replication have illuminated hepatotropic viruses, such as hepatitis A …

Hepatoviruses are atypical hepatotropic picornaviruses that are released from infected cells
without lysis in small membranous vesicles. These exosome-like, quasi-enveloped virions …

Page 1 Fields VIROLOGY VOLUME 4: Fundamentals SEVENTH EDITION EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
Peter M. Howley David M. Knipe VOLUME ASSOCIATE EDITORS LW Enquist Jeffrey I. Cohen …

Phospholipase A and acyltransferase (PLAAT) 4 is a class II tumor suppressor with
phospholipid metabolizing abilities. It was characterized in late 2000s, and has since been …

Symmetric protein assemblies play important roles in nature which makes them an attractive
target for engineering. De novo symmetric protein complexes can be created through …

Despite treatment and other interventions, an effective prophylactic HIV vaccine is still an
essential goal in the control of HIV. Inducing robust and long-lasting antibody responses is …

Interferon Stimulated Gene (ISG) expression plays a key role in the control of viral replication
and development of a robust adaptive response. Understanding this dynamic relationship …