Radiocarbon dating uses the decay of a radioactive isotope of carbon (14C) to measure time
and date objects containing carbon-bearing material. With a half-life of 5,700±30 years …

Interglacials, including the present (Holocene) period, are warm, low land ice extent (high
sea level), end‐members of glacial cycles. Based on a sea level definition, we identify …

We use numerical climate simulations, paleoclimate data, and modern observations to study
the effect of growing ice melt from Antarctica and Greenland. Meltwater tends to stabilize the …

In the modern climate, the ocean below 2 km is mainly filled by waters sinking into the abyss
around Antarctica and in the North Atlantic. Paleoproxies indicate that waters of North …

We present an update of the 'key points' from the Antarctic Climate Change and the
Environment (ACCE) report that was published by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic …

Two fundamental questions about the ice-age climate system await satisfactory resolution.
First, if summer solar radiation intensity truly controls the orbital signature of the last glacial …

The stable carbon isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 (δ13Catm) is a key parameter in
deciphering past carbon cycle changes. Here we present δ13Catm data for the past 24,000 …

No single mechanism can account for the full amplitude of past atmospheric carbon dioxide
(CO2) concentration variability over glacial–interglacial cycles. A build-up of carbon in the …

In 1974, newly available satellite observations unveiled the presence of a giant ice-free
area, or polynya, within the Antarctic ice pack of the Weddell Sea, which persisted during the …

To understand how planet Earth works we study it increasingly as a system–a collection of
interdependent parts or spheres–the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the …