Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most potent innate
immune-activating stimuli known. Here we review the current understanding of LPS effects …

In the synovial cells of patients with RA, activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway
results in the transactivation of a multitude of responsive genes that contribute to the …

TNFα-stimulated gene-6 (TSG6), a 30-kDa protein generated by activated macrophages,
modulates inflammation; however, its mechanism of action and role in the activation of …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been characterized by lymphopenia as
well as a proinflammatory cytokine storm, which are responsible for the poor prognosis and …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute an archetypal pattern recognition system. Their
sophisticated biology underpins the ability of innate immunity to discriminate between highly …

Introduction The impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines on neuroinflammation and cognitive
function after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge remains elusive. Herein we provide …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors, originally discovered to
stimulate innate immune reactions against microbial infection. TLRs also play essential roles …

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are characterized by a chronic inflammation state which prevents
cutaneous wound healing, and DFUs eventually lead to infection and leg amputation …

Most Toll‐like‐receptors (TLR s) and interleukin‐1 receptors (IL‐1 R s) signal via myeloid
differentiation primary response 88 (M y D 88) and interleukin‐1 receptor‐associated kinase …

Endothelial cells play a critical role in inflammation by responding to several endogenous
and exogenous proinflammatory stimuli. The three most studied factors that provide …