Environmental and social stresses have deleterious effects on reproductive function in
vertebrates. Global climate change, human disturbance and endocrine disruption from …

There are 10 valid species of Cryptosporidium and perhaps other cryptic species hidden
under the umbrella of Cryptosporidium parvum. The oocyst stage is of primary importance …

Recent comparative studies point to the importance of mortality schedules as determinants
in the evolution of life‐history characteristics. In this paper, we compare patterns of mortality …

Glucocorticoids hormones (GC s) are intuitively important for mediation of age‐dependent
vertebrate life‐history transitions through their effects on ontogeny alongside underpinning …

Males of many species are more susceptible than females to infections caused by parasites,
fungi, bacteria, and viruses. One proximate cause of sex differences in infection is …

The characteristic maximum lifespan varies enormously across animal species from a few
hours to hundreds of years. This argues that maximum lifespan, and the ageing process that …

CONTENTS Introduction 139 Historical Background 141 Parasite Morphology 141 Life
Cycle 143 Classification 145 Cross-Transmission 145 Diagnosis 149 Epidemiology 153 …

This paper summarises the available evidence that failure of defense mechanisms in (semi)-
natural social groups of animals may lead to serious forms of stress pathology. Hence the …

An investigation was made into the role of increased adrenocortical activity in the causation
of the total postmating mortality of male Antechinus stuartii—a small shrew-like marsupial. A …

Males generally exhibit reduced immune responses as well as increased intensity and
prevalence of infections compared to female conspecifics. Physiologically, these sex …