Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Intelligent animals devote much time and energy to exploring and obtaining information, but
the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We review recent developments on this …

Human locomotion through natural environments requires precise coordination between the
biomechanics of the bipedal gait cycle and the eye movements that gather the information …

To understand subjective evaluation of an option, various disciplines have quantified the
interaction between reward and effort during decision making, producing an estimate of …

Besides their fundamental movement function evidenced by Parkinsonian deficits, the basal
ganglia are involved in processing closely linked non-motor, cognitive and reward …

Motivational relevance can prioritize information for memory encoding and consolidation
based on reward value. In this review, we pinpoint the possible psychological and neural …

The basal ganglia are equipped with inhibitory and disinhibitory mechanisms that enable a
subject to choose valuable objects and actions. Notably, a value can be determined flexibly …

The basal ganglia control body movements, value processing and decision-making. Many
studies have shown that the inputs and outputs of each basal ganglia structure are …

An examination of the link between the vigor with which we move and the value that the
brain assigns to the goal of the movement. Why do we reflexively run toward people we love …

Choosing valuable objects is critical for survival, but their values may change flexibly or
remain stable. Therefore, animals should be able to update the object values flexibly by …