The objective of this paper is to evaluate available evidence for each step in autoimmune
encephalitis management and provide expert opinion when evidence is lacking. The paper …

The autoimmune encephalitis (AE) syndromes have been characterised by the detection of
autoantibodies in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid which target the extracellular domains of …

Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis is autoimmune encephalitis without any identifiable
pathogenic antibody. Although it is a major subtype of autoimmune encephalitis, many …

Background and purpose A fraction of patients with antibody‐mediated autoimmune
diseases remain unresponsive to first‐/second‐line and sometimes even to escalation …

In anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, we analysed the efficacy of a
combined immunotherapy protocol consisting of teratoma removal, steroid, intravenous …

Objective To determine whether neuronal and neuroaxonal injury, neuroinflammation, and
synaptic dysfunction associate with clinical course and outcomes in antibody-mediated …

Background and Objectives An important challenge in diagnosing anti–NMDA receptor
(NMDAR) encephalitis (NMDARe) is differentiating it from a first episode of psychosis (FEP) …

Autoimmune encephalitis associated with antibodies against neuronal surface targets
(NSAE) are rare but still underrecognized conditions that affect adult and pediatric patients …

Early first-line immunotherapies, including corticosteroids and plasma exchange, improve
outcomes, with emerging evidence showing second-line immunotherapies (especially …

Background We investigated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of myelin
oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis …