The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) has often been treated in the past as a linear filter that
adds little to retinal processing of visual inputs. Here we review anatomical …

The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in carnivores and primates is a laminated
structure, where each layer gets visual input from only one eye [1, 2]. By contrast, in rodents …

The physiological responses of simple and complex cells in the primary visual cortex (V1)
have been studied extensively and modeled at different levels. At the functional level, the …

Visual snow syndrome is a neurological condition characterized by a persistent visual
disturbance, visual snow, in conjunction with additional visual symptoms. Cortical …

Theoretically, the pulsed-and steady-pedestal paradigms are thought to track contrast-
increment thresholds (Δ C) as a function of pedestal contrast (C) for the parvocellular (P) and …

Thyroid hormone (TH) is critical for many aspects of neurodevelopment and can be
disrupted by a variety of environmental contaminants. Sensory systems, including audition …

Neuronal signals conveying luminance contrast play a key role in nearly all aspects of
perception, including depth perception, texture discrimination, and motion perception …

Normalization models of visual sensitivity assume that the response of a visual mechanism
is scaled divisively by the sum of the activity in the excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in …

The fruit fly's natural visual environment is often characterized by light intensities ranging
across several orders of magnitude and by rapidly varying contrast across space and time …

How do V1 cells respond to, adapt to, and combine signals from the two eyes? We tested a
simple functional model that has monocular and binocular stages of divisive contrast gain …