Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) has immunoregulatory roles associated with tryptophan
metabolism. These include counter-regulation (controlling inflammation) and acquired …

Stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1 (STING1, best known as STING) is an
endoplasmic reticulum-sessile protein that serves as a signaling hub, receiving input from …

All lifeforms have developed highly sophisticated systems equipped to detect altered self
and non-self nucleic acids (NA). In vertebrates, NA-sensing receptors safeguard the integrity …

Receptors of the innate immune system detect conserved determinants of microbial and viral
origin. Activation of these receptors initiates signaling events that culminate in an effective …

Inflammation is one of the most characteristic features of chronic liver disease of viral,
alcoholic, fatty, and autoimmune origin. Inflammation is typically present in all disease …

Many human cells can sense the presence of exogenous DNA during infection though the
cytosolic DNA receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which produces the second …

Microbial infections are recognized by the innate immune system through germline-encoded
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As most microbial pathogens contain DNA and/or …

Detection of evolutionarily conserved molecules on microbial pathogens by host immune
sensors represents the initial trigger of the immune response against infection. Cytosolic …

Investigations of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have applied insights from
studies of the innate immune response to define IFN-I, with IFN-α as the dominant mediator …

Immune checkpoints arise from physiological changes during tumorigenesis that
reprogramme inflammatory, immunological and metabolic processes in malignant lesions …