Over a century ago workers such as J. Lubbock and K. von Frisch developed behavioural
criteria for establishing that non-human animals see colour. Many animals in most phyla …

Theories of animal signalling emphasize the importance of costliness—to be effective,
signals must be dependable; to be dependable, signals must carry costs—and carotenoid …

Recent technical and methodological advances have led to a dramatic increase in the use of
spectrometry to quantify reflectance properties of biological materials, as well as models to …

Colour patterns and their visual backgrounds consist of a mosaic of patches that vary in
colour, brightness, size, shape and position. Most studies of crypsis, aposematism, sexual …

The spectral sensitivities of avian retinal photoreceptors are examined with respect to
microspectrophotometric measurements of single cells, spectrophotometric measurements …

Poison frogs in the anuran family Dendrobatidae use bright colors on their bodies to
advertise toxicity. The species Dendrobates pumilio Schmidt 1858, the strawberry poison …

Many animals use vision to detect, discriminate, or recognize important objects such as prey,
predators, homes, or mates. These objects may differ in color and brightness—having …

The visual displays of animals and plants are often colourful, and colour vision allows
animals to respond to these signals as they forage for food, choose mates and so-forth. This …

We use a tetrahedral color space to describe and analyze male plumage color variation and
evolution in a clade of New World buntings—Cyanocompsa and Passerina (Aves …

The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that
were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of …