Brain tissue has a remarkable ability to accumulate glutamate. This ability is due to
glutamate transporter proteins present in the plasma membranes of both glial cells and …

Excitotoxicity is one of the most extensively studied processes of neuronal cell death, and
plays an important role in many central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including CNS …

Crystal structures of the GluR2 ligand binding core (S1S2) have been determined in the apo
state and in the presence of the antagonist DNQX, the partial agonist kainate, and the full …

Movement, the fundamental component of behavior and the principal extrinsic action of the
brain, is produced when skeletal muscles contract and relax in response to patterns of action …

Glutamate acts on postsynaptic glutamate receptors to mediate excitatory communication
between neurons. The discovery that additional presynaptic glutamate receptors can …

There is substantial evidence indicating a role for glutamate in migraine. Levels of glutamate
are higher in the brain and possibly also in the peripheral circulation in migraine patients …

Functional kainate receptors are ubiquitous in the central nervous system. After a search for
their functional significance, a considerable amount of data indicates that this class of …

The brain comprises an excitatory/inhibitory neuronal network that maintains a finely tuned
balance of activity critical for normal functioning. Excitatory activity in the basolateral …

Calcium (Ca2+) plays fundamental and diversified roles in neuronal plasticity. As second
messenger of many signaling pathways, Ca2+ as been shown to regulate neuronal gene …

(S)-Glutamic acid (Glu), which is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous
system (CNS), and other excitatory amino acids (EAAs) operate through four different …