At the base of axons sits a unique compartment called the axon initial segment (AIS). The
AIS generates and shapes the action potential before it is propagated along the axon …

Light-controllable tools provide powerful means to manipulate and interrogate brain function
with relatively low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. Although optogenetic …

Ligands can induce G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to adopt a myriad of
conformations, many of which play critical roles in determining the activation of specific …

INTRODUCTION Astrocytes support neuronal function throughout the central nervous
system. In the gray matter, they regulate synapse number during development, remove …

Degenerative retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular
degeneration (AMD) affect millions of people around the world and lead to irreversible vision …

The hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are voltage-gated
ion channels that critically modulate neuronal activity. Four HCN subunits (HCN1–4) have …

Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels are important
members of the voltage-gated pore loop channels family. They show unique features: they …

The axon initial segment (AIS) is positioned between the axonal and somato-dendritic
compartments and plays a pivotal role in triggering action potentials (APs) and determining …

This article presents an integrative model of effortful control, a resource-limited top-down
control mechanism involved in mental tasks and physical exercises. Based on recent …

The axon is responsible for integrating synaptic signals, generating action potentials (APs),
propagating those APs to downstream synapses and converting them into patterns of …