Measurement science has been converging to smaller and smaller samples, such that it is
now possible to detect single molecules. This Review focuses on the next generation of …

Conspectus Electrochemical measurements conducted in confined volumes provide a
powerful and direct means to address scientific questions at the nexus of nanoscience …

Electrofluorochromic molecules share the unique property that their fluorescence changes
as a function of their oxidation state. This makes them interesting from a fundamental …

Electrochemical atomic force microscopy tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-AFM-
TERS) was employed for the first time to observe nanoscale spatial variations in the formal …

Pore-based structures occur widely in living organisms. Ion channels embedded in cell
membranes, for example, provide pathways, where electron and proton transfer are coupled …

Electrochemistry exploits local current heterogeneities at various scales ranging from the
micrometer to the nanometer. The last decade has witnessed unprecedented progress in the …

Here we report the direct observation and quantitative analysis of single redox events on a
modified indium–tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The key in the observation of single redox events …

Understanding functional states of individual redox enzymes is important because electron-
transfer reactions are fundamental to life, and single-enzyme molecules exhibit molecule-to …

Highlights•Coupling between electrochemistry and fluorescence microscopy allows
mapping of the electrode reactivity in space and time.•Direct and indirect strategies are …

The combination of hydrodynamic focusing with embedded capillaries in a microfluidic
device is shown to enable both surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and …