Artificial spin ices consist of nanomagnets arranged on the sites of various periodic and
aperiodic lattices. They have enabled the experimental investigation of a variety of …

Frustration, the presence of competing interactions, is ubiquitous in the physical sciences
and is a source of degeneracy and disorder, which in turn gives rise to new and interesting …

Artificial spin ice is a class of lithographically created arrays of interacting ferromagnetic
nanometre-scale islands. It was introduced to investigate many-body phenomena related to …

Lithographic processing and film growth technologies are continuing to advance, so that it is
now possible to create patterned ferroic materials consisting of arrays of sub-1 μm elements …

Recent advances in nanotechnology allow model systems to be constructed, in which
frustrated interactions can be tuned at will, such as artificial spin ice. The symmetry of the …

Two-dimensional artificial spin-ice systems constructed from arrays of dipolar coupled
monodomain magnets offer an experimental route to study the physics of frustration and a …

Spin ice, a peculiar thermal state of a frustrated ferromagnet on the pyrochlore lattice, has a
finite entropy density and excitations carrying magnetic charge. By combining analytical …

Artificial ices enable the study of geometrical frustration by design and through direct
observation. However, it has proven difficult to achieve tailored long-range ordering of their …

In 1935, Pauling estimated the residual entropy of water ice with remarkable accuracy by
considering the degeneracy of the ice rule solely at the vertex level. Indeed, his estimate …

Artificial spin ice arrays of micromagnetic islands are a means of engineering additional
energy scales and frustration into magnetic materials. Here we demonstrate a magnetic …