Sex is a biological concept determined at conception. Gender is a social concept. Medicine
recognises sex as a biological variable and recommends including sex as a factor in clinical …

Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the
elimination of CO 2, and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that most of the studies in …

Sex differences in physiological responses to various stressors, including exercise, have
been well documented. However, the specific impact of these differences on exposure to …

The hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is the increase in breathing in response to reduced
arterial oxygen pressure. Over several decades, studies have revealed substantial …

Approximately 19 million people die each year from cardiovascular and chronic respiratory
diseases. As a result of the recent Covid-19 epidemic, blood pressure, cholesterol, and …

Advances in our understanding of brain mechanisms for the hypoxic ventilatory response,
coordinated changes in blood pressure, and the long-term consequences of chronic …

Hypoxia is the main cause and effect of a large number of diseases, including the most
recent one facing the world, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Hypoxia is divided into …

Background It is not known whether SpO2 in healthy volunteers is affected by sex. Objective
To evaluate whether there are differences in SpO2 between young healthy adult males and …

High altitude (HA) ascent imposes systemic hypoxia and associated risk of acute mountain
sickness. Acute hypoxia elicits a hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), which is augmented …

Cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases are global threats to public health and
cause approximately 19 million deaths worldwide annually. This high mortality rate can be …