Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

Despite advances in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapies, inflammation and its
consequences still remain a significant problem in medicine. Acute inflammatory responses …

Background/Aim. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal biomolecules in the immune system.
Today, we are all aware of the importance of TLRs in bridging innate and adaptive immune …

NK cells are cytotoxic components of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) that provide a first line of
defense against viral infections and contribute to control tumor growth and metastasis. Their …

Vaccines comprising innovative adjuvants are rapidly reaching advanced translational
stages, such as the authorized nanotechnology adjuvants in mRNA vaccines against COVID …

Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic
diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and …

Trained immunity refers to the innate immune system building memory‐like features in
response to subsequent infections and vaccinations. Compared with classical tumor …

Lycium barbarum is widely used as a functional food and medicinal herb to promote health
and longevity in China and in some other Asian countries. In modern pharmacological and …

Host genetic and environmental factors including age, biological sex, diet, geographical
location, microbiome composition and metabolites converge to influence innate and …

HMGB1, a nucleoprotein, is expressed in almost all eukaryotic cells. During cell activation
and cell death, HMGB1 can function as an alarm protein (alarmin) or damage-associated …