On the basis of its generally accessible I/II redox couple and bioavailability, copper plays a
wide variety of roles in nature that mostly involve electron transfer (ET), O 2 binding …

Through incremental change, Nature reworks and repurposes its functional machinery. In
this way, proteins that photochemically repair DNA by moving protons and electrons have a …

Cytochrome c oxidase (C c O) is an essential enzyme in mitochondrial and bacterial
respiration. It catalyzes the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water and …

An initial review (PCET1) on proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) by Huynh and Meyer
appeared in Chemical Reviews in 2007.(1) This is a follow-up on the original. It was …

Coupled electron and proton transfer reactions play a key role in the mechanisms of
biological energy transduction. 1-3 Such reactions are also fundamental for artificial …

At the core of many important energy conversion processes in chemistry and biology are
oxidation-reduction reactions in which both electrons and protons are transferred. An …

Aerobic respiration in bacteria, Archaea, and mitochondria is performed by oxygen
reductase members of the heme-copper oxidoreductase superfamily. These enzymes are …

A role for conformational change in the coupling mechanism of cytochrome c oxidase is the
subject of controversy. Relatively small conformational changes have been reported in …

The structures and functions of hydrophilic channels in electron-transferring membrane
proteins are discussed. A distinction is made between proton channels that can conduct …

The heme-copper oxygen reductases are redox-driven proton pumps that generate a proton
motive force in both prokaryotes and mitochondria. These enzymes have been divided into 3 …