A core challenge in global change biology is to predict how species will respond to future
environmental change and to manage these responses. To make such predictions and …

Microclimates at the land–air interface affect the physiological functioning of organisms
which, in turn, influences the structure, composition, and functioning of ecosystems. We …

High-elevation trees cannot always reach the thermal treeline, the potential upper range
limit set by growing-season temperature. But delineation of the realized upper range limit of …

Motivation More than half of Earth's species are contained in a mere 1.4% of its land area,
but the climates of many of these biodiversity hotspots are projected to disappear as a …

Most ecological studies of the effects of climate on species are based on average conditions
above ground level (measured by meteorological stations) averaged across 100 km 2 or …

Current analyses and predictions of spatially explicit patterns and processes in ecology most
often rely on climate data interpolated from standardized weather stations. This interpolated …

Species across the planet are shifting their ranges to track suitable climate conditions in
response to climate change. Given that protected areas have higher quality habitat and often …

The contributions of species to ecosystem functions or services depend not only on their
presence but also on their local abundance. Progress in predictive spatial modelling has …

Species distribution models (SDMs) have rapidly evolved into one of the most widely used
tools to answer a broad range of ecological questions, from the effects of climate change to …

Climate is of fundamental importance to the ecology and evolution of all organisms.
However, studies of climate–organism interactions usually rely on climate variables …