The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has a sophisticated quality control (QC) system to eliminate
improperly folded proteins from the secretory pathway. Given that protein folding is such a …

Abstract Calcium ion (Ca 2+) is a versatile signaling transducer in all eukaryotic organisms.
In plants, intracellular changes in free Ca 2+ levels act as regulators in many growth and …

Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) is among the most important intracellular messengers in living
organisms. Understanding the players and dynamics of Ca2+ signalling pathways in plants …

In contrast to the linear sequences of protein and DNA, oligosaccharides are branched
structures. In addition, almost all glycoproteins consist of a heterogeneous collection of …

Plant genetic engineering led to the production of plant-derived mAb (mAbP), which
provides a safe and economically feasible alternative to the current methods of antibody …

Biopharmaceuticals present the fastest growing segment in the pharmaceutical industry,
with an ever widening scope of applications. Whole plants as well as contained plant cell …

Plant purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) belong to a large multigene family whose specific
functions in Pi metabolism are poorly understood. Two PAP isozymes secreted by Pi …

Calreticulin (CRT) is a key Ca2+‐binding protein mainly resident in the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER), which is highly conserved and extensively expressed in all eukaryotic …

Plant‐based expression systems are attractive for the large‐scale production of
pharmaceutical proteins. However, glycoproteins require particular attention as inherent …

Low phosphate (Pi) availability limits crop growth and yield in acid soils. Although root-
associated acid phosphatases (APases) play an important role in extracellular organic …