Adrenal glucocorticoids are major modulators of multiple functions, including energy
metabolism, stress responses, immunity, and cognition. The endogenous secretion of …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global problem for which current pharmacotherapies
are not completely effective. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has …

Understanding the physiopathology of affective disorders and their treatment relies on the
availability of experimental models that accurately mimic aspects of the disease. Here we …

Impaired sleep is both a risk factor and a symptom of depression. Objective sleep is
assessed using the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG). Characteristic sleep-EEG changes …

Excessive secretion of macrophage monokines is proposed as the cause of depression.
Monokines when given to volunteers can produce the symptoms necessary for the …

Circadian rhythm disturbances are a common symptom among individuals with mood
disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in the ventral part of the anterior …

% Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis has been reliably
observed in patients with major depression. One of the primary features of this HPA axis …

The daily rhythm of cortisol secretion is relatively stable and primarily under the influence of
the circadian clock. Nevertheless, several other factors affect hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal …

Chronic pain and depressive illness are debilitating disease states that are variably resistant
to currently available therapeutic agents. Animal models of chronic pain are associated with …

In this fully-revised fourth edition of what has long been the standard textbook for the field,
Dr. Richard Abrams once again demonstrates his unique ability to analyze and present a …