Optical biosensors are frontrunners for the rapid and real-time detection of analytes,
particularly for low concentrations. Among them, whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators …

Graphene is a representative two-dimensional (2D) material and has been receiving
considerable interest from both academia and industry. In this review, we recollect the latest …

Electrostatic confinement of charge carriers in graphene is governed by Klein tunnelling, a
relativistic quantum process in which particle–hole transmutation leads to unusual …

The extraordinary electronic properties of Dirac materials, the two-dimensional partners of
Weyl semimetals, arise from the linear crossings in their band structure. When the dispersion …

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) not only have potential applications on spin qubit, but also
serve as essential platforms to study the fundamental properties of Dirac fermions, such as …

Relativistic fermions that are incident on a high potential barrier can pass through
unimpeded, a striking phenomenon termed the 'Klein paradox'in quantum electrodynamics …

The ability to create nanometer-scale lateral p–n junctions is essential for the next
generation of two-dimensional (2D) devices. Using the charge-transfer heterostructure …

The phase of a quantum state may not return to its original value after the system's
parameters cycle around a closed path; instead, the wave function may acquire a …

It is quite easy to control spin polarization and the spin direction of a system via magnetic
fields. However, there is no such direct and efficient way to manipulate the valley …

Materials such as graphene and topological insulators host massless Dirac fermions that
enable the study of relativistic quantum phenomena. Single quantum dots and coupled …