Recent advances in synthetic biology and materials science have given rise to a new form of
materials, namely engineered living materials (ELMs), which are composed of living matter …

Synthetic biology applies genetic tools to engineer living cells and organisms analogous to
the programming of machines. In materials synthetic biology, engineering principles from …

Vast potential exists for the development of novel, engineered platforms that manipulate
biology for the production of programmed advanced materials. Such systems would possess …

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) has emerged as an efficient compact technology for
municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. The major drawback impeding wider …

Biofouling is the undesired deposition and growth of microorganisms on surfaces, forming
biofilms. The definition is subjective and operational: not every biofilm causes biofouling …

Bacteria exist as communities in diverse multispecies environments. Quorum sensing, a
process for cell–cell communication, allows individual bacteria to glean information about …

Biofouling is a persistent and unmet challenge in reverse osmosis (RO) technology. The
attachment of microorganisms on the membrane surface has severely deteriorated the …

Bacterial biofilms represent a promising opportunity for engineering of microbial
communities. However, our ability to control spatial structure in biofilms remains limited …

Owing to the advancement of interdisciplinary concepts, for example, wearable electronics,
bioelectronics, and intelligent sensing, during the microelectronics industrial revolution …

Cake layer formation is the dominant ultrafiltration membrane fouling mechanism after long-
term operation. However, precisely analyzing the cake-layer structure still remains a …