Studies using functional cellular imaging of living flies have identified six memory traces that
form in the olfactory nervous system after conditioning with odors. These traces occur in …

Studies of olfactory learning in Drosophila have provided key insights into the brain
mechanisms underlying learning and memory. One type of olfactory learning, olfactory …

Although associative learning has been localized to specific brain areas in many animals,
identifying the underlying synaptic processes in vivo has been difficult. Here, we provide the …

During olfactory learning in fruit flies, dopaminergic neurons assign value to odor
representations in the mushroom body Kenyon cells. Here we identify a class of downstream …

Dopaminergic neurons are thought to drive learning by signaling changes in the
expectations of salient events, such as rewards or punishments. Olfactory conditioning in …

The mushroom body is required for a variety of behaviors of Drosophila melanogaster.
Different types of intrinsic and extrinsic mushroom body neurons might underlie its functional …

Aversive olfactory memory is formed in the mushroom bodies in Drosophila melanogaster.
Memory retrieval requires mushroom body output, but the manner in which a memory trace …

Mushroom bodies are a well-known site for associative learning in insects. Yet the precise
mechanisms that underlie plasticity there and ensure their specificity remain elusive. In …

Sleep promotes memory consolidation in humans and many other species, but the
physiological and anatomical relationships between sleep and memory remain unclear …

New approaches, techniques and tools invented over the last decade and a half have
revolutionized the functional dissection of neural circuitry underlying Drosophila learning …