A hallmark of retroviral replication is establishment of the proviral state, wherein a DNA copy
of the viral RNA genome is stably incorporated into a host cell chromosome. Integrase is the …

Combined HIV antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been effective except if drug resistance
emerges. As cART has been rolled out in low-income countries, drug resistance has …

In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) the burden of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
(NNRTI) HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) has been high over the years. Therefore, in 2018 the …

Background HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) continues to threaten the effectiveness of
worldwide antiretroviral therapy (ART). Emergence and transmission of HIVDR are driven by …

Dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been scaled up in many developing
countries, including Ethiopia. However, subtype-dependent polymorphic differences might …

Objectives The second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) bictegravir is
becoming accessible in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), and another INSTI …

Introduction Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has dramatically reduced morbidity
and mortality of HIV-1-infected patients. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) play an …

Background An increase in the prevalence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) has been
reported in recent years, especially in persons on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase …

Dual therapies (DT) combining integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) with second-
generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2nd-Gen-NNRTIs) offer new …

This study investigates the prevalence and patterns of transmitted drug resistance mutations
(TDRMs) and HIV-1 subtypes among antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve individuals in …