For decades, hemagglutinin (HA) protein structure and its refolding mechanism have served
as a paradigm for understanding protein-mediated membrane fusion. HA trimers are in a …

Genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild aquatic birds. From this
reservoir, IAVs sporadically cause outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics in wild and …

Cell-surface-receptor binding by influenza viruses is a key determinant of their
transmissibility, both from avian and animal species to humans as well as from human to …

Influenza virus penetrates cells by fusion of viral and endosomal membranes catalyzed by
the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Structures of the initial and final states of the HA trimer define …

There are 15 subtypes of influenza A virus (H1–H15), all of which are found in avian
species. Three caused pandemics in the last century: H1 in 1918 (and 1977), H2 in 1957 …

The 2009 H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm) viruses have evolved to contain an E47K substitution
in the HA2 subunit of the stalk region of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. The biological …

All but five of the N-terminal 23 residues of the HA2 domain of the influenza virus
glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) are strictly conserved across all 16 serotypes of HA genes …

ABSTRACT A new class of N-(1-thia-4-azaspiro [4.5] decan-4-yl) carboxamide inhibitors of
influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA)-mediated membrane fusion that has a narrow and …

The challenge of distinguishing genetic drift from selection remains a central focus of
population genetics. Time-sampled data may provide a powerful tool for distinguishing these …

While the molecular mechanism of membrane fusion by the influenza virus hemagglutinin
(HA) protein has been studied extensively in vitro, the role of acid-dependent HA protein …