This review provides a revised and expanded word-formula system of whole-seed primary
dormancy classification that integrates the scheme of Nikolaeva with that of Baskin and …

Root endophytism and mycorrhizal associations are complex derived traits in fungi that
shape plant physiology. Sebacinales (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) display highly …

In the fungal kingdom, the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbiosis has evolved independently in
multiple groups that are referred to as lineages. A growing number of molecular studies in …

Abstract Agaricomycetes includes ca. 21,000 described species of mushroom-forming fungi
that function as decayers, pathogens, and mutualists in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats …

Background One method for rejuvenating land polluted with anthropogenic contaminants is
through phytoremediation, the reclamation of land through the cultivation of specific crops …

Since the early colonization of land, plants depend, to various extents, on mycorrhizal fungi
to meet their nutrient demands. In most mycorrhizal symbioses, plants provide sugars …

For germination and establishment, orchids depend on carbon (C) and nutrients supplied by
mycorrhizal fungi. As adults, the majority of orchids then appear to become autotrophic. To …

Recent phylogenetic analyses confirm the monophyly of Orchidaceae as sister group to the
remainder of Asparagales, and identify the sequence of early branching lineages in …

Plant dependence on fungal carbon (mycoheterotrophy) evolved repeatedly. In orchids, it is
connected with a mycorrhizal shift from rhizoctonia to ectomycorrhizal fungi and a high …

Mycorrhizal functioning in the fern O phioglossum is complex and poorly understood. It is
unknown whether mature O. vulgatum sporophytes form mutualistic associations with fungi …