The accelerating global rate of species extinctions and the inevitable human impacts on
biodiversity have increased the need to conserve, restore and use ecosystems sustainably …

INTRODUCTION The biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR; the effect of biodiversity on
ecosystem productivity) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis …

Forest ecosystems are a prime example of the heated debates that have arisen around how
forests should be managed, and what services and benefits they should deliver. The …

In Europe, forest management has controlled forest dynamics to sustain commodity
production over multiple centuries. Yet over‐regulation for growth and yield diminishes …

Despite a century of study by ecologists, recovery following disturbances (succession) is not
fully understood. This book provides the first global synthesis that compares plant …

Historical forest management can heavily affect contemporary forest management and
conservation. Yet, relatively little is known about century-long changes in forests, and that …

High‐conservation‐value forests (HCVFs) are critically important for biodiversity and
ecosystem service provisioning, but they face many threats. Where systematic HCVF …

Key message Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill., Pyrus communis (L.), Sorbus aucuparia (L.), Prunus
avium (L.), Prunus padus (L.), and Cornus sanguinea (L.) are related, co-occurring species …

Reforested areas can act as important carbon (C) sinks. In China, extensive reforestation
has been carried out in mountainous regions, with resulting C storage affected by forest age …

Forest ecosystems include a great variety of communities of organisms interacting with their
physical environment: multi-aged natural forests, even-aged monocultures, and secondary …